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Vitamin · in-depth review

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Both niacin and nicotinamide are precursors of NAD and NADP and drive redox reactions; the diet supplies them from meat, fish, and whole grains, and tryptophan can also convert in part.

Also known asNiacinNiacinamideNicotinamide
Related diseasesPellagraDyslipidaemia
Related symptomsFatigueDry skin

Marked asPrimarySupporting

Primary

Supports cellular energy metabolism

Cells build B3 into NAD and NADP; glycolysis, the citric-acid cycle, and fatty-acid synthesis all need this coenzyme pair to shuttle hydrogen. Chicken, tuna, and whole grains are food sources; the liver can also convert a small share of tryptophan. When the diet is long-term maize only and tryptophan is also short, energy production and epithelium show the gap together.

Primary

Maintains skin and mucous membranes

Epithelium can finish repair and energy supply only when NAD is adequate; skin, tongue, and small-intestinal mucosa turn over especially fast. People whose skin breaks easily after sun and whose mouth and tongue keep inflaming should first check whether the B3 diet is too narrow; meat, fish, whole grains, and tryptophan conversion can all replenish this mucosal path.

Primary

Support lipid metabolism

NAD⁺ is the redox currency for fatty-acid β-oxidation and cholesterol synthesis; niacin derivatives join these mitochondrial reactions. Red meat, poultry, and peanuts are everyday sources; people with chronically high lipid markers who eat little whole grain or nuts often match gaps on this energy-metabolism branch, alongside skin and mucosa uses.

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Fatigue

Cells build B3 into NAD and NADP; glycolysis, the citric-acid cycle, and fatty-acid synthesis all need this coenzyme pair to shuttle hydrogen. People who cannot get going by day and feel foggy in the afternoon more often notice stamina for tasks and mental freshness after several continuous weeks.

Dry skin

Epithelium can finish repair and energy supply only when NAD is adequate; skin, tongue, and small-intestinal mucosa turn over especially fast. People whose calves or cheeks feel tight and flaky more often notice moisture and less itch after several continuous weeks.

Pellagra

NAD⁺ is the redox currency for fatty-acid β-oxidation and cholesterol synthesis; niacin derivatives join these mitochondrial reactions. When exposed skin reddens and flakes and gut and mood move together, people more often notice skin and spirits after several continuous weeks.

Dyslipidaemia

NAD⁺ is the redox currency for fatty-acid β-oxidation and cholesterol synthesis; niacin derivatives join these mitochondrial reactions. People with high fasting lipids and an oily diet more often notice lab markers and a lighter body after several continuous weeks.

With foodBest taken with food (not on an empty stomach) to reduce stomach upset and flushing
Best timeMorning or midday
SolubilityWater-soluble

Do not replace cholesterol-lowering treatment with a wellness dose.

General wellness16 mg NE/day for adult men; 14 mg NE/day for adult women
Specific needsThe adult daily safety upper limit is 35 mg NE (from niacin supplements, to limit flushing/liver injury); high-dose therapymay only be prescribed by a clinician.

How oftenGenerally use the recommended daily intake.

Cautions

High-dose niacin for lipids must be prescribed and monitored by a clinician.

People with liver disease, peptic ulcer, or diabetes should ask a clinician before high doses.

Interactions

  1. Lipid-lowering drugs / statins (additive liver risk with high-dose niacin)
  2. Glucose-lowering drugs (may affect glucose control)
Common side effects

· Niacin flush, burning, or itching

· Nausea or stomach discomfort

Rare but important

· Long-term high doses may cause liver injury and raised blood sugar.

Long-term dependenceNot addictive; flushing from high doses may lessen with tolerance, but that does not mean you should raise the dose on your own.

Sources

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Medical disclaimerThis page is compiled by the HerbBB editorial team for general health information only. It is not a substitute for advice from a doctor, pharmacist, or other qualified clinician. If you have a health condition, take medicines, or are pregnant or breastfeeding, speak with a professional first.